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“The additional revenues generated by the changes to the tax system will be used to execute public investment programs in schools, health centers, housing, roads, drinking water systems which have been deferred and which demand immediate attention”

The Minister of Economy and Finance, Ricaurte Vasquez, presented before the National Assembly of Congressmen the Fiscal Reform bill aimed at reducing public spending and increasing the State’s revenues.

Aimed at salvaging public finances, the proposed fiscal equity bill is one of four great strategic objectives of the Government, Vasquez explained to the Legislature. The other three objectives are:

• Boosting economic growth to generate jobs.

• Reducing poverty and extreme poverty, which is 40% in the whole country with alarming indexes of 59% in the rural zones and 98% in the indigenous zones.

• Developing human capital.

Vasquez pointed out that the Panamanian economic model is deficient, given that there is no relation between economic growth and income distribution. He said that this model “has inherent problems for generating jobs and it produces a low level of fiscal revenues”.

Expanding on the Panamanian model, he observed that the latter has been twofold since it is sustained by service exports, and linked to a protectionist policy based on the substitution of imports through the application of incentives. This condition has encouraged the corporations to prefer the internal market to the detriment of exports.

“This model is not generating enough growth to satisfy national aspirations, has inherent problems for generating jobs and produces a low level of fiscal revenues”, he specified. “The mid-term and long-term goal is to attain social mobility, as an important element to eliminate extreme poverty and to significantly improve income distribution, to achieve a country with first world equity standards”, he added.

Vasquez recognized that one of the obstacles for attaining an integrated development is the dire corruption problem. “Eradicating corruption and promoting transparency constitutes one of the higher objectives of the national government”, he said.

Referring to the deficiencies of the model and the tax system, he pointed out that this has brought as a consequence that currently the salaried workers pay proportionately more than the corporations.

After rating the current tax system as “regressive”, Vasquez explained that this is so because “the lower income groups effectively carry four times the tax pressure when compared to the higher income groups, as a result of the narrowness of the taxable base, since in the case of natural persons or individuals, taxes have a higher impact, while in the case of legal persons or corporations, the incentive systems and other fiscal evasion means allow a significant reduction of the payable tax”.

“For this reason, a change in Panama’s tax system must aim at correcting the fact that income tax is mainly a duty on salary income”, he underlined. “What we propose is a fiscal equity program, through which the State fulfills its responsibility of thrusting a better distribution of wealth”, he added.

Addressing the public spending issue, which is one of the bill’s components, Vasquez pointed out that the state payroll expenses, the debt service and the transfers currently exceed the State’s revenues, wherefore adjustments are needed in the revenues as well as in the expenses so as to generate savings.

“The savings produced by the proposed measures in public spending matters, added to the additional revenues generated by the changes to the tax system will be used to execute public investment programs in schools, health centers, housing, roads and drinking water systems which have been deferred and which demand immediate attention, he explained.

When referring to the public spending component, Vasquez specified the following measures:

• A reduction of 30% in the payroll expense will be applied in 2005, 20% in 2006 and 10% in 2007 on the vacancy sums produced during those years as a result of resignations and retirements.

• Norms are proposed to reduce the personnel level in the public sector, except for the essential services (education, health, security), in order to have on January 2008 a personnel structure that will not be higher than it was on December 31, 1999.

• The public employees’ “representation expense” income will be treated as salaries and, as a consequence, it will pay income tax and Social Security fees.

• Starting in 2006, the current spending increase shall not be greater than the percentage increase of the previous year’s current revenues.

• The budget control rules will be strengthened, with the purpose of making investments more productive, both economically and socially.

Regarding the tax component, the MEF official underlined that the proposal will give real accountability content to the fiscal administration in order to place public finances on solid bases. Among the most important elements, he mentioned the following:

• The alternate minimum income tax is established on legal persons with a 1.4% rate on taxable income (gross revenue minus foreign source revenue). The taxpayer must pay the Treasury the result from applying this formula or the result obtained by applying the traditional Income Tax calculation method, whichever sum is greater. This proposal gathers recommendations made by some sectors during the consultation process at the Executive Branch level.

• In the case of persons with more than one income source and which exceeds $60 thousand per year, the income tax will be determined as the greatest of 10% of gross income and the tax calculated by the traditional method.

• In the case of the Colon Free Zone, the rates for services rendered to the companies established in that zone will be increased in such a way as to contribute with an additional income of at least $30 million in 2005, and its growth will be linked to the increase in its operations.

• A $100 increase is proposed on the single rate for anonymous societies (corporations), leaving the rate at $350 per year. The reactivation surcharge is also increased for corporations that have been suspended because of lack of payment, from $250 to $500.

• A combined progressive tariff alternate to the real estate tax is established that is much lower than the current one, with steps of 0.70%, 0.90% and 1.0%.

• A selective consumption tax will be applied to casino and gaming activities with a 5% rate on the prizes paid by slot machines and with a tax-exempt minimum of $5.

• Instead of open incentives, the incentives applicable in the future will be limited by a specific application amount and time period. For example, the $2,000 subsidy for housing with a value per unit of less than $15,000 that has been implemented starting this year.

• In general terms, incentives such as the tax deposit certificates (CAT by the Spanish acronym) and others will expire on the established dates. However, other incentives that have not been executed yet are left without effect.

Vasquez said that the Reform achieves an equitable tax system. The Government provides its share of sacrifice by reducing spending as well as by applying the income tax and contributions to the social security system to all its employees’ incomes, and wherefore it can require that the same treatment be given to the private sector, he pointed out.

The proposed reform poses fairness in the tax burden distribution and more efficiency in public spending, in order to generate the resources needed to increase social investment and reduce poverty; in summary, to improve the quality of life of Panamanian citizens

“. . . this system we propose will be a more equitable system, wherein expenses and revenues are seen in function of a real investment program, that should achieve the aspirations of the Panamanian people and, in particular, of the 1.2 million Panamanians that live in poverty, . . .“

Martin Torrijos

In exercising its accountability and responsibility to inform the nation about the initiatives aimed at complying with its plan, the national Government introduces in this document information that responds in great measure to concerns discussed during the consultation process that has taken place to this date and presents a summary of the contents of the fiscal reform under consideration.

Why a reform?

Because most of our people have needs that cannot be put off and can only be met with additional economic resources.

Of the country’s total population, 40 out of 100 persons live below the poverty line and half of those live in extreme poverty. In the non-indigenous rural areas, this number rises to 59 out of 100 and in the indigenous areas, it reaches 98 out of 100 persons.

The infant mortality rate, in the poorest areas, is twice the rate registered in the Province of Panama, and in other cases, three times as high. Medical attention during childbirth, in rural areas, covers 85% of births, and in areas of extreme poverty, it only covers half. Infant malnutrition affects 22% of students between 6 and 9 years of age.

The State has the responsibility to meet these social needs and the resources available are simply not enough. In fiscal year 2004, the fiscal deficit exceeded B/. 700 million, President Torrijos’ administration received accounts payable of more than B/. 300 million, the Social Security debt pertaining to government fees was over B/. 125 million and the government’s financial position was unsustainable. The source of funds used was traditionally “more debt.” This cannot continue because interest payment would make it impossible to comply with creditors and with the country’s growing needs.

Hence, it is necessary to start a FISCAL FAIRNESS PROGRAM that allows capturing greater revenues from those who have them and at the same time directing public spending towards the improvement of the conditions of the poorest and most disadvantaged individuals.

Why is there no fairness in the distribution of existing resources and the tax burden? Panama is the second country in America with the worst wealth distribution.

In Panama, families with the highest income level receive 40 times more income than the poorest families. At the same time, families with the lowest income level have a tax burden that is four times greater than that paid by the top income groups.

The State pays approximately $200 million a year in subsidies but corporations pay less than $180 million in taxes. Panama’s tax system is unfair; most of the income tax paid is withheld at the source from salaried workers. In fact, individual people pay more income tax than the corporations, with salaried workers being responsible for two thirds of this tax.

The subsidy benefits that are now directed to specific groups are defrayed by those who effectively pay their taxes or that need social programs the most.

Why a fiscal and not a tax reform?

Panama’s fiscal situation cannot be sustained. The government’s payroll expenses, the debt service and transfers exceed the State’s revenues. Adjustments are therefore needed in revenues and expenditures to generate government savings and execute public investment programs in schools, health centers, housing, roads and drinking water systems. These programs have been deferred and demand immediate attention.

Summary of the ‘public spending’ component

The Government started with a policy of austere spending and transparent actions. Hence, the proposed reform is based on the norm that the effort will be shared as it relates to public sector savings and spending control.

1) By January 2008, the public sector personnel structure should not be greater than it was on December 31, 1999. The institutions are, therefore, called upon to submit their spending adjustment program for the Cabinet Council’s approval at the latest on June 30, 2005. Exceptions to this requirement are health, education and security services. Those institutions will need to provide supporting evidence that there is a greater demand and demographic growth of the sector.

2) Personal service contracts should not exceed 2% of the total payroll amount of personal operating services. This 2% limit will also apply to total investment amounts.

3) Starting January 1st, 2006, the percentage increase applied to the budget of current expenses, excluding interests and other taxes, shall not be greater than the percentage increase of the previous year’s current revenues.

4) The Executive Branch, through the MEF, will regulate everything pertaining to the use of cellular phones, acquiring and renting cars, hiring consultants, trips outside the country, among other items.

During the time period between January 2005 and December 2007, a percentage reduction will be applied to the payroll expense on the basis of the amount stemming from the vacancies that are a product of resignations and retirements–30% (2005), 20% (2006) and 10% (2007)

Summary of the tax component

The fiscal reform proposal has the following tax elements:

An increase in the annual single rate for corporations and private interest foundations

A $100.00 increase to $350.00 per year is proposed for the single rate. The reactivation surcharge is also increased for corporations that have been suspended because of lack of payment, from $250.00 to $500.00 and the payment of the first fee becomes mandatory at the time of registration.

Alternative Minimum Income Tax (corporations)

A parallel method is set for calculating Income Tax. Costs, expenses, incentives or fiscal credits are not deducted or imputed from taxable income (gross revenue minus foreign source revenue) and a 2% rate is applied. The taxpayer must pay the Treasury the result from applying this formula or the result obtained by applying the traditional Income Tax calculation method, whichever sum is greater.

Alternative Minimum Income Tax (natural persons)

In a similar way as the case of people with more than one income source and in excess of B/. 60 thousand per year, the income tax will be determined as the greatest of 10% of gross income and the tax calculated by the traditional method.

Estate tax

A progressive combined alternative tax is set, much lower than the current one, with steps of 0.70%, 0.90% and 1.0%. In order to apply for the alternative tariff, the taxpayer must be in good standing relative to payment of arrear taxes (with a condonation of surcharges and interests) and must submit a new appraisal of his/her property that is accepted by the MEF.

Also, the Treasury’s capacity to decree a seizure and to attain a later repossession on delinquent properties is speeded up. Casinos and games

A selective consumption tax on the prizes paid by way of slot machines will be applied with a 5% rate and with a tax-exempt minimum of B/. 5.00.

Exceptions – Foreign source incomes

This item includes 15% withholdings on amounts paid for contracts that, regardless of the country wherein they were executed, benefit people or corporations located in Panama. Furthermore, the norm prevents the possibility of declaring a foreign source for people who have remained outside of Panama less than 30% of their income-producing time.

Elimination or change of incentives

Instead of open and undefined incentives, the incentives applicable in the future would be limited by a specific application amount and time period. For example, the case of the B/. 2,000 subsidy for housing valued at less than B/. 15,000 per unit that has been implemented starting this year.

In general terms, the temporary incentives such as CAT’s and others will expire on the date set for such purpose. Other incentives that have not been executed yet are left without effect.

The incentives for the handicapped, first job, AIDS prevention, Panama’s Casco Antiguo and Colon are maintained indeterminately and under the same current conditions. The tourism incentive is also maintained indeterminately, limited to the hotel activity.

All other incentives that do not have an expiration date can only be used until the 2007 fiscal period, after which they will be rescinded.

The investment credit in bridge technology, created by article 6 of Law 28 of 1995 (Universalization Law) can only be used to pay up to 5% of the tax owed and until the 2010 fiscal period, after which it will not be applicable and will be eliminated.

The purpose of these measures is not to leave sectors unprotected, such as export and industry sectors. For these sectors, we are designing new aid mechanisms that are better focused and are more effective. For this purpose, the Government is designing a competitiveness program through which corporations devoted to exports can be capitalized.

The elimination of incentives goes hand in hand with a gradual decrease of the income tax rates for artificial persons. For 2005, the rate will be 27.5%.

Modifications to RETT (real estate transfer tax)

Free transfers will be taxed, unless they are done between people related in a first degree blood relationship or between spouses.

Taxes to be rescinded:

• Telephone calls and cable communications to support exports and international commerce.
• Professional licenses
• Insurance companies (art. 1014 A Fiscal Code)
• Tickets (stamp tax)
• ITBMS tax

The service of food sales in places that do not serve alcoholic beverages is exempt from the ITBMS tax. Penalties for tax evasion.

The current prison penalty from one month to a year will change to a penalty from two years to five years.

An affidavit is created for the proper use of the foreign source concept and for reporting income, costs and expenses in the income statements. The consignment of false data on that statement will result in penalties for tax evasion.

The special fiscal treatment is eliminated for “representation expense” income.

This measure affects the public as well as the private sector and it implies that the sums received in this manner will be given the same tax treatment as the salary. The deductibility of mortgage interests and donations to non-profit organizations is reduced.

The deductible amount for mortgage interests will be reduced from B/. 15,000.00 to B/. 7,500.00 for the 2005 income statements.

Regarding donations, they are limited to B/. 50,000.00 per year per taxpayer.

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia:

A pseudonym or allonym is a name, (sometimes legally adopted, sometimes purely fictitious), used by an individual as an alternative to their birth name.

When used by authors, a pseudonym is also called a pen name or nom de plume. This is an English expression: in France, such an alias is more commonly termed a nom de guerre, or “name of war”.

When used by actors, performers, or models, a pseudonym is also called a stage name (or sometimes “screen name”)

Famous pseudonyms of people who were neither authors nor actors include:

1. Le Corbusier, the architect, was Charles Edouard Jeanneret.
2. Alan Smithee is the name used by directors who disown their own movie.
3. David Agnew is used on BBC programmes where a writer’s name cannot used for contractual reasons.
4. Nicolas Bourbaki was a famous pseudonym for a group of mathematicians
5. Student was William Sealey Gosset, discoverer of Student’s t-distribution in statistics.
6. Carlos the Jackal is the nom de guerre of Ilich Ramirez Sanchez, a terrorist
7. Hambali is Riduan Isamuddin, the leader of Jemaah Islamiah, a terrorist group; he was born Encep Nurjaman
8. Abu Mazen is Mahmoud Abbas, the former prime minister of the State of Palestine
9. Abu Ammar was PLO leader Yasser Arafat’s nom de guerre, although this name is no longer widely used
10. Abu Ala is the name that Ahmed Qurei uses.

On the internet, pseudonymous remailers utilising cryptography can be used to achieve persistent pseudonymity, so that two-way communication can be achieved, and reputations can be established without linking a physical identity to a pseudonym.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia Article Pseudonym”.

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As part of its annual visit to consult and evaluate member states, the International Monetary Fund has sent a five person mission to the Republic of Panama from the 8th through the 23rd of November. The mission will meet with government official and leaders in the business, banking and private enterprise sectors to obtain an overview of the government’s plans, future opportunities and Panama’s current situation.

The mission is headed by Mr. Wayne Lewis, Chief of IMF mission to Panama and deputy Chief of the IMF for South and Central America. Other members of the mission are Mr. Mario Dehesa, Pablo Druck, André Faria and Eric Varreydt. The first meeting was celebrated on Monday morning at the offices of the Ministry of Economy and Finance and was presided by Vice Minister of Economy, Dr. Hector Alexander with the participation of the Director of the Public Policy Technical Unit, Mr. David Saied.

In the afternoon, the IMF mission met with a larger number of staff from the Ministry of Economy and Finance, including the Directorates of Public Credit, Treasury and Budget, to exchange methodological information on the fiscal deficit.

The visit is part of the compliance requirements of Article IV of the IMF´s Constitution that establishes a process for annual consultations with member states on economic and policy issues, balance of trade patterns such as the impact of higher petroleum prices on country, fiscal and public debt matters and social progress.

The IMF mission is undertaken regardless of whether the member country has or does not have a memorandum of understanding with the IMF on public policy matters. In the case of Panama, there is no program currently structured with the IMF:

The mission has programmed meeting with several public entities, including the top executives of the Contraloria General de la Republica, the Banco Nacional de Panama, the Superintendent of Banks, the Social Security Administration, the Panama Canal Authority, the Interoceanic Regional Authority, the Panamanian Tourist Bureau (IPAT), the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Ministry of Labor and the National Securities Commission. There are also plans to meet with the United Nations Development Program staff in Panama, important local banks, the Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture of Panama, the Panamanian Association of Business Executives (APEDE) and the consulting firm Inversiones y Desarrollo, S.A. (INDESA).

On Tuesday October 19, 2004 the Ministry of Economy and Finance will issue indicative USD 15 million Treasury bills at the Panama Stock Exchange. These Treasury bills mature in six months, Series B-4-2004 due April 22, 2005.

Treasury Bills are short-term instruments issued at a discount to par with maturities at twelve months or less. Base 365/360.

Forms to participate can be found at www.mef.gob.pa or at the Panama Stock Exchange at Avenida Federico Boyd and 49 street, Panama city,

for those interested in participating through authorized agents.

Through the month of September, the Panamanian government issued USD20 million Treasury bills due in twelve months at a price of 96.60%.

Auction results are posted after 10:30 a.m. at the Ministry web page or www.subastavalores.com.pa